# Audacity Waveform

From Audacity Development Manual
Audacity Waveforms show you overall loudness best. They are the default view in Audacity.

- You might see the danger of imminent clipping.
- Precision in cutting and splicing is also best performed in Waveform view.

## Contents

1. Default Waveform view
2. Waveform (dB) view
3. A Waveform with clipping
4. Alternative audio view formats
5. Multi-view - Waveform and Spectrogram
6. RMS display

## Default Waveform view

The default audio track in Audacity is displayed in Waveform view with a linear vertical scale running from -1.0 (negative values) to +1.0 (positive values), centered on zero (provided you have not changed Audacity's default for the display).

Stereo tracks contain a Track Control Panel and a Vertical Scale to the left with two waveforms on the right.

For stereo tracks the upper waveform represents the left channel and the lower waveform represents the right channel as in this example:

When the waveform is taller (that is, its top and bottom lie closer to +/- 1 so filling more of the vertical space in the track), the audio is louder. When the top and bottom of the waveform lie closer to the zero line, the audio is quieter.

It is tempting to look at this and think that has not been recorded loud enough, but the -0.5 to +0.5 level that this example shows corresponds to -6 dB on the Meter Toolbar and is an ideal peak level to aim for while recording (the signal can always be amplified in later processing if required).

### The Vertical Scale

The Vertical Scale (at the left of the waveform) goes by default linearly from +1 at the top (the maximum possible loudness without distortion when the signal is positive) to -1 at the bottom (the maximum when it is negative).

Alternatively you can select a dB scale for the linear view from the context menu of the Vertical Scale.

## Waveform Logarithmic (dB) view

The waveform view can be switched to a dB logarithmic view by right-clicking on the track's Vertical Scale and selecting "Logarithmic (dB)" from the dropdown context menu.

The default linear Waveform view is very convenient for editing since the majority of audible work is on the screen. When zoomed in edit points are easy to find. However, the linear waveform does not correspond to the way your ears work--they sense quiet sounds more effectively. Halving the volume on the linear scale (for example, deamplifying a sound with a peak of +/- 1.0 by -6 dB to bring it to +/- 0.5 on that scale) does not sound all that much quieter. Human hearing would need a reduction of -18 dB to make audio "appear to sound" half as loud.

The following example is exactly the same recording as that above displayed in Waveform (dB) view.

This view shows that the recording has been made loud enough and fills the display nicely.

### The Vertical Scale

In this view the Vertical Scale is shown in dB. This is a logarithmic method of displaying the amplitude. See this Wikipedia page.

## A waveform with clipping

Below is an example of an oversaturated recording where clipping has occurred, that is, the signal has exceeded the maximum allowed level. The vertical red lines show where clipping has happened; these clipping indicators can be turned on and off (Audacity default setting is "off") by selecting View > Show Clipping in Waveform.

### Avoiding and repairing Clipping

It may be tempting to monitor the level of your recording by observing the blue waveforms, however it is much easier (and more accurate) to use the Meter Toolbar especially if you have enlarged it. The blue waveform becomes useful when you come to perform the editing after the recording has been made.

When recording, always set your input level to try and avoid clipping, and keep your eyes on the red hold lights to right of the Recording Meter for signs of clipping when either playing or recording.

Help with repairing clipping:

If there is only a little bit of clipping (just the tops of a few isolated peaks), Effect > Clip Fix can be applied to just the clipped sections. This will attempt to reconstruct the missing peaks by interpolating the lost signal. In other cases where there is mild distortion throughout a recording, using Effect > Filter Curve EQ or Effect > Graphic EQ to reduce the higher frequencies can help to mitigate the damage. Sometimes a bass cut will help also by making the result sound less "muddy".

## Alternative audio view formats

See Audio Track Dropdown Menu for information on the alternative Spectrogram audio track view formats. These are not documented here as they are not true "waveform" views.

## Multi-view - Waveform and Spectrogram

It is also possible to work with a Waveform view and a Spectrogram view in the same track.

  Example of a mono audio track with a Multi-view split 50:50 Waveform/Spectrogram

To get a split Multi-view for a track select Multi-view from the track's Track Control Panel dropdown menu.

For details see Multi-view

## RMS display

You can turn on RMS (Root Mean Square) display using View > Show RMS in Waveform.

With RMS display turned on, the waveform view uses two shades of blue, one darker and one lighter.

- The dark blue part of the waveform displays the tallest peak in the area that pixel represents. At default zoom level Audacity will display many samples within that pixel width, so this pixel represents the value of the loudest sample in the group.
- The light blue part of the waveform displays the average RMS (Root Mean Square) value for the same group of samples. This is a rough guide to how loud this area might sound, but there is no way to extract or use this RMS part of the waveform separately.

If you zoom in horizontally far enough, the light blue display will disappear, because there are not enough samples to provide a meaningful average in the region being displayed. The line you see now represents the peak level of the samples, that is the top of the darker part that you saw when you were zoomed out.

Below is an example of a dark blue only waveform, obtained by zooming in about 12 times. The waveform can now be clearly seen as joining together many individual sample points (the dots). The horizontal center line denoting zero amplitude (silence) can also now be clearly seen, with positive samples above the center line, and negative samples below.